Policy Paper on Oil Conservation

Introduction Back in 1973, the country was hit by oil crisis that left all individuals in a quagmire. This was a wake up call for various stakeholders to take necessary action that amounted to imposing National Maximum Speed Limit, down sizing automobile categories and enacting National Energy Acts among other (Juhasz 237). However, it is still evidence that more needs to be done to help arrest the problems of energy in the country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policy Paper on Oil Conservation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because the need for energy not only in the country but globally is growing exponentially calling for a review of the policies in place as well as coming with new ones. Considering the current trend on energy consumption especially from oil, there is need to conserve it or else we risk coming to a stand still in terms of economic growth due to lack of energy. Needs section As sugg ested by Juhasz 42 tremendous increase in human population has an automatic effect on increased amount of energy need. A larger population will need energy for lighting their houses, during construction of new buildings, a larger amount of energy is consumed, and there is increased need for transport among others. All these put pressure on the available energy resources. Unfortunately the problem facing BP since last year has made it a challenge for oil products to be available (Brune 207). The environment has been negatively impacted as a result of the oil spill forcing the company into legal suits where they have parted with lots of money that could have been used to better oil conservation, processing and storage. Political instability in a number of OPEC countries has negatively impacted on availability of oil forcing prices to sky rocket due to short supply. For instance countries such as Egypt and Libya have experienced political instability which has seen to it that oil suppl y has declined. There are studies that have shown that there is a decline in oil reserves. The amount of oil resources underground has been deemed to decline at an alarming rate and in the near future, there will be no more underground reservoirs of oil. It is no doubt that this has been influenced by the raising demand of the energy source (Brune 37). Another area of concern when it comes to oil conservation is the manner with which the rich in the society have absolute control on the resource. In the major countries that are top suppliers of the product, there are a few rich individuals who dictate how the product is to be priced, supplied, transported among other attributes. This negatively influences impact on the consumers. Lastly, oil as a source of energy compared to other sources is heavily depended on. This kind of over-reliance is a threat to it being available in the future (Madison par. 4). Policy section Having in mind that the demand for energy will continue growing; t o help propel the growth of the economy there is need to come up with steps that will help conserve oil. One major way to do this is to solicit for alternative sources of energy. Despite the fact that 80.0% of transport and industrial sector depend on oil, having in place other sources of energy especially from bio fuel, solar energy, nuclear and more so the renewable sources is called for. This will not only help ease the pressure on oil as a source of energy but also save our environment from carbon emission which depletes the ozone layer (Jochem Dadi 26).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although there are areas that can be a challenge to curb energy consumption as a result of increased human population, it can be rational if American would embark to utilize public transport (Hakes 83). Additionally bikes can be used. This proposal has been refuted by some of the Americ an on the grounds that their comfort is interfered with. If adopted, this will cut down on the amount of oil consumed (Madison par. 2). Additionally, policy aimed at encouraging manufacturing of vehicles that are energy efficient as well as those that can use electricity will help in efforts of conserving oil. This can be attained in various ways; for instance government providing the manufacturers with incentives which will in turn make such vehicles cheap and affordable to the citizen (Maass 74). Similarly tax incentives for those who buy these kinds of vehicle will encourage Americans to purchase them. Provision of funds by the government to be invested in areas such as alternative energy sources for instance solar, building more oil storage will go an extra mile in helping conserve oil energy. A part from giving incentives to manufactures of cars to develop energy efficient ones, the funds can also be used in capacity building on how best to conserve energy. Funds can also be pu mped in the field of research aimed at coming up with strategies to conserve energy especially from oil. There is also need to preserve the oil resources that are under our water bodies. There is also room for the relevant stakeholders such as suppliers and distributers to adopt most efficient channels of supplying the product. This will help in ensuring that there is no wastage and the products reach the consumers on time. Lastly, Americans need to re-introduce breed reactors (Maass 61). Benefits section According to Jochem Dadi 91 there are a number of benefits associated with the policies brought forth in this paper. One major one is that oil as a source of energy will be made available in the future to continue support the economic growth of the country. It is worth to note that the future generations will also have an opportunity to utilize the same product. Similarly, with other alternative sources of energy such as bio-fuel and solar energy pressure on oil will ease (Brune 1 21). Additionally, there will be efficient use of energy resources hence minimizing waste. Another advantage of conserving oil is the protection of the environment. With other sources of energy emission of green gas will be minimized hence curbing the concern of global warming. Conclusion From the review of oil conservation, it is evident that there a number of problems such as population increase, war and political instability in countries constituting the OPEC among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policy Paper on Oil Conservation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With these issues, there is need to come up with policies that will help conserve oil such as encourage use of public transport or using bikes, come up with other alternative sources of energy, government providing funds to help in capacity building and incentive to car manufactures to mention but a few. The benefits of the policy include effic ient energy consumption, conservation of environment and future availability of the resource to the future generation. Works Cited Brune, Michael. Coming Clean: Breaking America’s Addiction to Oil and Coal. Oxford University: OUP, 2008. Print. Hakes, Jay. A Declaration of Energy Independence: How Freedom from Foreign Oil Can Improve National Security, Our Economy, and the Environment. New York: Wiley Sons, 2008. Print. Jochem, Eberhard Dadi, Zhou. Realizing the Potential of Energy Efficiency: Targets, Policies and Measures for G8 Countries, 2007 http://www.globalproblems-globalsolutions-files.org/unf_website/PDF/realizing_potential_energy_efficiency.pdf Juhasz, Antonia. The Tyranny of Oil: The World’s Most Powerful Industry—and What We Must Do to Stop It. New York: Sage, 2008. Print. Maass, Peter. Crude World: The Violent Twilight of Oil. New York: Wiley Sons, 2010.Print. Madison, Lucy. As Republicans Push for More Offshore Drilling, Democrats Plan Vote on Re pealing Tax Breaks for Oil Companies, 2011 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/as-republicans-push-for-more-offshore-drilling-democrats-plan-vote-on-repealing-tax-breaks-for-oil-companies/Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Policy Paper on Oil Conservation was written and submitted by user Sara O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biblical Way Of Advancing The Kingdom Of God Religion Essay Example

Biblical Way Of Advancing The Kingdom Of God Religion Essay Example Biblical Way Of Advancing The Kingdom Of God Religion Essay Biblical Way Of Advancing The Kingdom Of God Religion Essay Introduction What is truly the scriptural manner of progressing the land of God? Are the activities that we engage in effectual for the promotion of the land? Do we fight or do we fly and make we utilize Jesus manner of doing war? I think God wants the following from us: But seek foremost the land of God and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added to you ( Matthew 6:33, LASB ) . Let us look at all the statements and make up ones mind to what degree we disagree or agree. 4.1. God s land comes to the Black Marias of work forces and non chiefly to vicinities. If the bulk of people in any given vicinity are adherents of the Lord Jesus so, in that sense, the vicinity itself can be said to be kingdom district but the claiming of existent estate is non the result, simply the consequence. Yes, I agree with this statement for the undermentioned grounds: First of all we must gain the Kingdom of God is where God regulations over us. We can state that the foundation of the Kingdom starts in our Black Marias. nor will they state, See here! or See at that place! . For so, the land of God is within you ( Luke 17:21, LASB ) . Jesus explained in the book of Acts that with His coming, the land of God was established on Earth. He besides said that when He returned to heaven, God s land would stay in the Black Marias of all trusters through the presence of the Holy Spirit. But you shall have power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you ; and you shall be informants to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the terminal of the Earth ( Acts1:8, LASB ) . There is one thing we must retrieve, the land of God will non be established in entire until Jesus Christ comes once more to judge all people. We are to proclaim God s land in the universe. God keeps on regenera ting our heads, beef uping our religion and transforming our lives. 4.2. Our life on Earth is the start of infinity non the terminal of it: we are in developing for higher office and duty. The struggle with the rule of darkness is a agency of preparation and turn outing the boies of God. Decidedly, our lives on Earth are a pattern tally for what is to go on in infinity. For me this now here on Earth is a frock dry run for the existent life to come. For we know that if our earthly house, this collapsible shelter, is destroyed, we have a edifice from God, a house non made with custodies, ageless in the celestial spheres ( 2 Corinthians 5:1, LASB ) . Yes, we are in developing for higher office, although we will non inherit the land by plants. Our duty lies here and now. We have a duty to prophesy and learn the Gospel. It is besides our duty to analyze the Word of God to fix us to cognize how to make Christ s work in the universe. I charge you hence before God and the Lord Jesus Christ, who will judge the life and the dead at His looking and His land: Preach the word! ( 2 Timothy 4:1-2, LASB ) . I do non truly think we have to worry about the rule of darkness so much, because Jesus Christ already won that conflict for us and need non proof Himself once more. Our unde rtaking is to remain argus-eyed and resist immorality. Therefore submit to God. Defy the Satan and he will fly from you ( James 4:7, LASB ) . 4.3. God the Father is constructing a household of kids in the image of Jesus Christ: He is more concerned with the development of reverent character and ability than He is in district. After all, this whole stuff creative activity is destined to entire devastation so that a new creative activity can be brought into being to function as a house and garden for the household of God ( Rev 21:1 ) . How can we be perfect? In character, sanctity, adulthood and love. This is decidedly what God wants for His kids. In this life we can non be perfect, but we can draw a bead on to be every bit much like Christ as possible. We are to divide ourselves from the remainder of the universe s iniquitous nature and values. We can non accomplish godly character and holy populating all at one time, but we must turn towards adulthood and integrity. If there is no godly character, so district means nil to God. Therefore you shall be perfect, merely as your Father in Eden is perfect ( Matthew 5:48, LASB ) . Our inclination to transgress must neer deter us from endeavoring to be more like Jesus Christ. God Judgess by religion and character, non visual aspects. God merely see on the interior, merely he can accurately judge people. But the Lord said to Samuel, Do non look at his visual aspect or at his physical stature, because I have refused him. For the Lord does non see as adult male sees ; fo r adult male looks at the outward visual aspect, but the Lord looks at the bosom ( 1 Samuel 16:7, LASB ) . 4.4. There is great struggle between Satan and the Church, but this struggle should non be seen in the context of a battle for district. God is in the procedure of developing a household ; one time He has done this He will convey history, as we know it to a stopping point and Satan s period of word will come to an disconnected terminal. Satan knows this and is seeking everything in his power to forestall a successful decision to The saga of the boies of God. We know Satan is seeking everything in his power to halter the work of God. Revelation 2:8 speaks about the persecuted Church. Persecution comes from Satan, non from God. The Church need non to fear, Satan may harm our earthly organic structures, but he can make us no religious injury. The biggest hit on Satan came when Jesus Christ shed His blood for our wickednesss. Jesus Christ paid the ultimate punishment for our wickednesss. In Revelation 20:10 we read that Satan s power is non ageless, he will run into his day of reckoning someday. Satan began his evil work in world at the beginning ( Garden of Eden ) and continues it today. Know this for certain, he will be destroyed when he is thrown into the lake of fire and native sulfur. He will be released from the bottomless cavity, but he will neer be released from the lake of fire to be a menace to anyone once more. 4.5. Satan has many schemes and tactics he blinds the heads of disbelievers to the truth of the Gospel ( 2 Cor 4:3-4 ) ; he opposes the work of evangelism ( 1 Th 2:18 ) ; he snatches the truth from the heads of the deceived ( Matt 13:19 ) ; he workss disbelievers in the fold of the saints to lead on and impede ( Matt 13:24 ) , etc. We, on the other manus, are called to work with the Holy Spirit in constructing out and maturating the household of God. In order to accomplish this great committee adherents of the Lord Jesus Christ are to liberate the doomed from diabolic control ( rescue ) , portion the Gospel invitation ( evangelism ) , display the marks of the land ( mending etc. ) , and Teach land rules ( learning ) . So true, Satan is here to destruct and to kill and Jesus Christ to give life. The stealer does non come except to steal, and to kill, and to destruct. I have come that they may hold life, and that they may hold it more copiously ( John 10:10, LASB ) . Knowing that Christ s return will be sudden and unexpected, we are non to populate irresponsible, sitting and waiting making nil. Yes, travel out and do adherents. It is non an option, but a bid to all who call Jesus Lord. We are non all revivalists, but we have received gifts that we can utilize to assist carry through the Great Commission. Go hence and do adherents of all the states, baptising them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, learning them to detect all things that I have commanded you ; and lo, I am with you ever, even to the terminal of the age ( Matthew 28:19-20, LASB ) . Decision What did Jesus teach His adherents to make? Just to be loyal and to function The King. Make Jesus King of your life and worship Him as your Saviour, King and Lord and the Satan will fly everlastingly. Moltmann ( 1977:33 ) said the followers: Where God regulations He is glorified ; where He justifies He achieves what is His due ; where He brings a evildoer to repentance and liberate the laden He finds joy. Bibliography Barton B B, Beers R A and Galvin J C ( explosive detection systems ) 1996. Life Application Study Bible. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers. Moltmann J 1977. The Church in the Power of the Spirit ( 2nd erectile dysfunction ) . St Alban s Place, London: SCM Press Ltd. Introduction What do we do of all the pathetic suggestions about the end-time? Is the Bible and Revelations non good plenty testimony for us, or need we to look at the positions of the Antichrist and the grade of the animal? Revelation 20 negotiations about a millenary, but what does that mean. When will it happen, now or subsequently? In my head I have already rejected these three eschatological ( end-time ) positions. It can non be taken earnestly plenty to believe in. Well, allow us research these three eschatological end-time positions and happen out. ASSIGNMENT 5 Critically measure these three eschatological ( end-time ) positions: ( a ) Postmillennialism, ( B ) Premillennialism and ( degree Celsius ) Amillennialism. Use each position as a header. For each position, do each of the three things below. Reason the essay by saying which position, if any, you support and why. Describe the chief tenents Measure the Scriptural support Discuss its ministry deductions Postmillennialism. Postmillennialism holds the position that the Kingdom of God is now being extended in the universe through the instruction and sermon of the Gospel ( Erickson 1996:177 ) . Postmillennialism believes the Holy Spirit work in the Black Marias of people and the universe will go portion of the Christian household, a household without wickedness ( Erickson 1996:178-179 ) . They believe Jesus Christ gave us the undertaking to salvage the universe and He will non come back until the occupation is finished ( Boettner 1977:118-119 ) . Matt 28:18-20, LASB And Jesus came and spoke to them, stating, All authorization has been given to Me in Eden and on Earth. Travel hence and do adherents of all the states, baptising them in the name of the Father and the Son and of the Holy Spirit . Rev. J. Marcellus Kik ( Boettner 1977:119 ) said: That there is still a leftover of pagan religion and papalism in the universe is chiefly the mistake of the Church. The Word of God is merely every bit powerful in our coevals as it was during the early history of the Church. The power of the Gospel is merely as strong in this century as in the yearss of the Reformation. These enemies could be wholly vanquished if the Christians of this twenty-four hours and age were vigorous, as bold, as earnest, as prayerful, and every bit faithful as Christians were in the first several centuries and in the clip of the Reformation. Postmillennialism uses Old and New Testament Scriptures to beef up their positions. They use Psalms 47, 72 and 100 ; Isaiah 45:22-25 ; Hosea 2:23 ; Matthew 24:14 and Matthew 28:18-20 ( Erickson 1996:161-162 ) . What so about Revelations? I truly think we must be governed by Revelations which spells out the terminal times and the millenary. The positive facets about Postmillennialism are the belief that the Kingdom of God is here and now. This makes people to be optimistic about life. It encourages people to maintain on instruction and prophesying the Gospel and change overing psyches. Human beings acquire negative really easy particularly when conditions get worse in the universe. Postmillennialism helps to relieve the negativeness and produce positiveness. It is great to cognize that God is more than merely the Church. God uses anybody, non merely the Church. If there is a willing psyche, so God is besides willing to be present. We should work together to widen the Kingdom of God before Jesus comes ( Erickson 1996:183-184 ) . Statisticss are looking gloomy for Christians because more and more people are either taking other faiths or merely make non believe. Can we truly so acquire to the terminals of the Earth to learn the Gospel? For me this is rather impossible because we need fishermen and adult females to make the work. Another negative point is the fact that they use merely certain Bible transitions and so merely the positive one time, the negative transitions they leave out. There are disagreements about the two Resurrections and Revelation 20. Postmillennialists do non care about it ( Erickson 1996:184 ) . Christian bookmans have got a different return on when these 1,000 old ages will take topographic point. These different positions about the Millennium need non do division and contention in the Church, because what is most important to Christianity, the fact that Jesus Christ will return. Premillennialism. Premillennialism has got two common signifiers, Historic and Dispensational premillennialism. Historic premillennialism depicts Israel to be God s people everlastingly and they will inherit God s Kingdom everlastingly. This is one of the anticipations to be fulfilled in the millenary ( Finger 1985:169 ) . They province that after the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, He will be in control over the Earth for a thousand old ages. We see that Satan will be bound and thrown in a bottomless cavity for a thousand old ages. This is done so that he can non lead on the people any longer. At this clip occurs the first Resurrection of the Saints who portion Christ s regulation over the Earth. After this Satan will be free once more to arise against God. They say the concluding war follows when Satan is thrown into a lake of fire. Then the Second Resurrection occurs of those people who had non been raised before the millenary. So if your name is non written in the book of life, you will be thrown i n a lake of fire ( Finger 1985:169 ) . Dispensational premillennialism holds two stages: They say that God has two redemptional programs, one for Israel and one for other groups. All of this will go on during the Church age. Jesus Christ will return before the trial to Earth and all Christians will be taken ( ecstasy ) with Him. God will so cover with the other groups prior to the coming of the Kingdom of God during the millenary. During the trial many people will be converted to Jesus Christ. With the Second Coming the trusters is removed and the Antichrist must confront opinion. To easy understand the above we merely necessitate to see three things here: First, to travel with Jesus is the people that believed in Him during their decease. Second, the trusters that is still alive. Third, the disbelievers will remain behind ( Finger 1985:169 ) . Ladd ( Hoyt 1977:44 ) says the followers: Disclosure 19 20 Markss the expansive flood tide of the ministry of Christ in his Second Coming. Behold, He is coming with clouds, and every oculus will see Him, even they who pierced Him. And all the folk of the Earth will mourn because of Him. Even so, Amons ( Revelation 1:7 ) . Although Jesus gave this disclosure of Himself, He neer made reference of the millenary that was to come. Can divinity truly state anything about what the millenary will be like? There is non adequate Biblical grounds for this. There are so many issues about the millenary ; about who will be saved and who non it will decidedly confound the Church and our ministry. For Jesus the existent issue is to unify all trusters ( Erickson 1996:199 ) . Premillennial learning gives the thought that Jesus will come with a retribution and force to govern the universe, but that is non true harmonizing to the Bible. John 18:36, LASB Jesus answered, My land is non of this universe. If my land were of this universe, My retainers would contend, so that I should non be delivered to the Jews ; but now My land is non from here. Premillennialism is of great value for it focuses attending on eschatology. They invariably remind the truster that no affair how detering the state of affairs is today, glorification awaits. The positive deduction of premillennialism is that it has the most consistent point of view with the actual reading of the Bible ( Erickson 1996:200-201 ) . Amillenialism. Amillenialsm believes that the Kingdom of God was already established during Pentecost. They believe in the celestial reigning of Jesus Christ at the right manus side of God, through the Bible and the Holy Spirit being practiced by Christians. Satan is already bound by Christ s triumph over him. They say Christ must now merely return for the opinion of all work forces and adult females ( Hoekema 1977:177 ) . Amillennialism and the two signifiers of Premillennialism ( historic and dispensational ) are utilizing more or less the same happenings, although amillenialism is by far the simplest. They say the Kingdom of God is non merely in the hereafter, but besides in the present. In 1 Playboies 4:19-20 we here Paul stating, But I will come to you shortly, if the Lord volitions, and I will cognize, non the word of those who are puffed up, but the power. For the land of God is non in word but in power . In Romans 14:17 Paul writes, for the land of God is non eating and imbibing, but rig hteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit. Jesus and Paul speak of the Kingdom in its hereafter facet. They say if we ignore this, it is like disregarding the New Testament instructions ( Hoekema 1977:177-178 ) . With future eschatology, amillennialism gives the followers: They say that the marks of the times are non merely for the hereafter, we can see it besides now amongst people in the universe ( Hoekema 1977:181 ) . They see Christ s return as a individual event, non a seven twelvemonth period ( Hoekema 1977:182 ) . For them, there is no biblical grounds on the seven twelvemonth period, merely one twenty-four hours of opinion where all people will be judged. There are deductions of amillennialism for our ministry. The positive points are the undermentioned: History is non nonmeaningful, but meaningful. Though we are non ever able to spot between each historical event, we know what the result of history will be. Amillennialism eschatology gives us a realistic universe and life position ( Erickson 1996:191 ) . One of the major jobs we find is with the reading of Revelation 20. The amillennialists speak about two Resurrections, but is this truly so. The amillennialists say there is a spiritually every bit good as a physical Resurrection. They do non cognize how to construe the transition, literally or figuratively. They think that with every prognostication there must be a fulfillment otherwise it is delusory. For them the people of Israel are non accepted as being portion of history. The amillennialists challenge the philosophy of future bodily Resurrection ( Erickson 1996:192-194 ) . For me many amillennialists so are former postmillennialists. I do non back up any of the above positions. First of wholly, when Jesus met the Samaritan adult female at the well, He told her of the life H2O that He could provide ( John 4:10-15 ) . Jesus invites anyone to come and imbibe of the H2O of life. The Gospel is limitless. Redemption can non be earned, but God gives it freely. We do non cognize the twenty-four hours or the hr, but Jesus is coming shortly and out of the blue. This is good intelligence to those who trust Him, but a awful message for those who have rejected Him. Christ calls us to digest in our religion. Our attempts to break our universe are of import, but the consequences can non compare with the transmutation that Jesus will convey approximately when He returns. Decision Disclosure is, above all, a book of hope. Come Lord Jesus come in a universe of jobs, persecution, evil and immorality. Both the Holy Spirit and the bride, the church, extend the invitation to the universe to come to Jesus and see the joys of redemption in Christ. Jesus entirely controls human history and will re-create the Earth. God is in control and depicts when we will acquire our wages, non theological bookmans or end-time positions.

Write a short biography on James McGill Buchanan, an analysis of his Essay

Write a short biography on James McGill Buchanan, an analysis of his economic theories, and his contributions to the welfare of society - Essay Example He was also, in 1963, at the senior most position at the Southern Economic Association; shortly after, in 1971, at the American Economic Association he served as vice president, and then for two years, 1983 and 1984, in a similar position at the Western Economic Association (â€Å"James M. Buchanan†). Buchanan coauthored ‘The Calculus of Consent’ with Gordon Tullock as one of the products of thinking cultivated by reading a German article by Knut Wicksell, a Swedish economist(DiLorenzo 180). Wicksell was of the idea that the benefits taxpayers received should be directly linked to the taxes they pay. This implied that taxes and government spending would be agreed upon and validated, as opposed to the conventional view of the 1940s and even the current view. The book ‘The Calculus of Consent’ revised Wicksell’s idea, and referred to it as ‘workable unanimity’, as they thought it impractical. This together with ‘The Economics of Democracy’, a book by Anthony Down, gave birth to the field of public choice. Buchanan and Tullock even went on to initiate an academic journal- Public Choice. At this time, he raised dissimilarity between two levels of public choice; the first being during the making of the constitution and the second being after the constitution has been implemented. He has attempted to convert his fellow economists to this line of thinking, where they should focus more on the first level rather than on the second level as mere political players. To push this ideology farther, he published a journal- Constitutional Economics (â€Å"James M. Buchanan†). Buchanan also believed that welfare economics is skewed as costs are subjective. He pointed this out in an unusually ardent economics book- Costs and Choice. This was the book that he considered most essential yet to the Nobel Committee it was ‘The Calculus of Consent’. In the book, Buchanan’s aim

Plato and Seneca on Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plato and Seneca on Death - Essay Example It demands attention, makes us busy with working for a living and fills us with desires, wants and fears. Our search for the truth is also impeded whenever our bodies are afflicted by disease. The body can be said to be the ultimate inhibiting factor in our desire to wander in our thoughts. True philosophers try to separate the soul from the body in their search for the truth. It is in this regard where death provides an avenue for it is only thru this where the body and the soul can be separated. Philosophy, then, is the quest for knowledge and enlightenment and the only way for this to be achieved is thru the separation of the body and soul. The only way to separate the body and soul is death. Those who truly desire to become philosophers must be prepared to live as close to death as possible. This does not necessarily mean that they should always be in near-death situations. Instead, they should not be too much concerned with the intricacies of the body providing only the basic nourishment it needs. It is due to this that true philosophers and lovers of wisdom do not fear death. Seneca, one the Stoic philosopher, offers a rather compelling manifesto regarding the subject of life and time. The pervading notion during his time was that nature has cursed us with so short a life that it often ends just when we were getting ready for it. This kind of thinking not only afflicts the common people who form the majority of the populace but each and every individual member of society including distinguished men and women who had all the means for a leisurely life. Life, as observed by Seneca in most people, is that it is viewed in terms of postponement. People live as though their life is ensured in the future. They talk about their retirement or the time they will be having their own orchards. Seneca argues that life is finite and is essentially about time. However, the greatest obstacle to living was expectancy wherein we set our sights of what lies in the future while we waste the time we have today. We are thus disposed of that which lay in the hands of Fortune, while letting go of that which was in our own. If we live today and in the present moment, we could live every moment of our life as though it would last forever. Seneca says that everything even darkness and light is contained in a single day. To use the present well is to be aware of this completeness. More days, and months, and years, will or at least may make up our lives if we only made wise of our time. In making the most of our time, we make the most of our life. Life is making use of time and time is making use of life. In this regard, there is not much difference between the two less we perceive life as though we have all the time in the world. 3.0 Plato and Seneca on Death Philosophy and death are intricately entwined in the writings of Plato and Seneca. An analysis of their writings would reveal that share many similarities yet diverge in certain issues. To start with, Plato recognizes that opposites come only from opposites. Since the opposite of life is death and that death comes from life, life can also come from death. Plato would counsel his listeners that death can only lead to immortality as the soul is finally freed from the body but this is only true when the soul already existed without the body. While Plato explains death

Network Routing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Network Routing - Assignment Example A working and configuration of a routing protocol shall also be elaborated. PROTOCOL: The protocol that is given for the completion of the task is Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). It falls in the category of link-state routing protocol. So we shall start with some information on what is link-state. LINK-STATE Link-state is a mechanism that follows the condition and connection type of every connected link and develops a metric calculation that is based on some factors that also included the factors that were set by the network engineers. The functionality of the link-state protocols is that it knows the status of the link, whether it is up or down and what is its bandwidth and calculates a cost to use that path. As we know that every router run routing protocols to find out the best path to the destination, one can consider the 'link-states' as representing the status of the interfaces on the router. (Davis, 2002) The functionality of a link-state protocol is this that it may take a p ath with more number of hops, but uses the medium that has higher bandwidth than all the other paths even with lowest number of hops. Due to the features of media type awareness and other factors, these protocols consume more processing power and memory. Link-state influences all the routers that structure up the complete topology of the whole internetwork (or of the position where router is presently located), this means that every router contains the same information of the topology. Due to this whenever a change is occurred it is broadcasted to the entire topology.  This method of routing is known as shortest path first. Protocols that work on link-state mechanism are OSPF, EGP and BGP mechanism. KEY-POIINTS: It uses Dijkstra algorithm for the calculation of shortest path. (Zhang, 2011) Every router in the network builds up the complete topology in its routing table, thus each router contains equal amount of information. It consumes space and memory more than distance vector. I t is suitable for implementing in large networks. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION The design of this network implements the virtue connection International School of Networking has a Chelmsford HQ in England and two remote sites in Mexico and Malaysia. Communication within the routers is via Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) that has fast convergence and is able to meet the demands of a large organization. The routing protocol is configured on all of the routers specified in the topology diagram and advertises to every host connected in the topology except the loopback interface attached to Chelmsford HQ. NETWORK DESIGN BACKGROUND This report is for the demonstration of network design for an International School of Networking (ISN). ISN has branch campuses at Mexico City and Kuala Lumpur. These branches are connected with Chelmsford HQ and each other. Requirement for this implementation was of an open standard routing protocol with fast convergence and support routing update security. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is the best solution for given scenario and also for large scale businesses having offices at different locations. In this network design topology three routers are interconnected logically and each router is further directly connected with two more networks. OSPF routing protocol is configured within the logical network: network topology from the network design above both the physical and logical network topology can be obtained. Using the above topology an IP-addressing scheme was created to accommodate the all the

The Decisive Role Of Humour In Advertising English Language Essay

The Decisive Role Of Humour In Advertising English Language Essay Humour plays a decisive role in our daily life and it is also a subject of interest of numerous disciplines such as linguistics, popular culture, psychology, mass communications, marketing and some others. The discussion of what humour is can be traced back to Aristotle and Plato. The complexity of this phenomenon has been an intrigue for many researches. Humor is a universal human activity found among all cultures and throughout all of recorded history (Alden, Hoyer, and Lee 1993). Humour is widely used in advertising as a form of communication in order to persuade customers to purchase products and services since it is generally believed among advertisers that making us laugh will encourage positive thoughts and feelings toward their products and brands and put us in a receptive mood for their sales messages (Beard 2008: 2). Cook said that advertising is always a handy and useful mirror if we want to reflect on the way we behave socially (Cook 1992:5). However, the use of humour in advertising remains very controversial as its presence in advertising can cause both positive and negative effects. Response to a humorous ad can be different as individuals have different sense of humour. Therefore humour is very individual and subjective but at the same time it is universal. According to Raskin responding to humor is part of human behavior, ability, or competence, other parts of which comprise such important social and psychological manifestations of Homo sapiens as language, morality, logic, faith, etc. Just as all of those, humor may be described as partly natural and partly acquired (Raskin 1985: 2). Throughout its history there were many attempts to define humour but none of the definitions accounts for all its possible types thus underlying its complexity. Humour can be broadly identified as a form of communication in which a created stimulus may act to provide pleasure for an audience (Gulas and Weinberger 2006: 95). Attardo states that linguists, psychologists, and anthropologists have taken humor to be an all-encompassing category, covering any event or object that elicits laughter, amuses, or is felt to be funny (Attardo 1994:4). It is very important to distinguish between humour and laughter as humour has been often identified with laughter  [1]  which seems to be wrong as humour a mental phenomenon while laughter is rather a neurophysiological reaction to it. 1.2 Aim and scope The objective of this thesis is to contribute to further understanding of one of the numerous strategies employed by advertisers, namely humour. However, this thesis does not set out to provide a theoretical framework for humour in spite of the fact that the following chapters make frequent reference to the academic and scientific literature. The overall aim of the study is not only to provide a better understanding of humour in print advertising and give an insight into different linguistic theories of humour as well as its different types but also to describe different linguistic features which advertisers use to incorporate humour and illustrate this by means of empirical material gathered from a variety of sources. Under this point humour will be divided into two groups: pun-based humour and non-pun humour. We deal with pun humour when the advertiser uses elements of language to create new meanings that result in humour. My supposition is that this is the type of humour which mos t often occurs in print advertising. In this regard such linguistic devices will be described as polysemy, homonymy, idiomatic expressions, neologisms and nonce formations, and antonyms. However this would be just mere identification of a certain type of humour in advertising and its enabling factors. Therefore the extent of the study is to look how different types of humour vary across different products and services advertised in magazines. Since it is generally believed that the best media suited to the use of humour are radio and TV, lots of studies exploring the use of humour and its effectiveness were conducted mostly in this field. Therefore this thesis is focused on the advertisements presented in print media and does not feature ads that appear on the television, radio, internet, and cinema. There has always been a great debate over whether humorous print advertisements work and of course there is no need to say that they do. We just have to remember that humour print invol ves a more intimate relationship. Graham Warsop, the only creative director to have judged the big four international advertising awards, once said: Print humour gets someone to smile inwardly rather than outwardly (Aitchison 2004:). This states again that not everybody will laugh at the same things. It should be noted that headline and body copy of an advertisement will not be the crucial means of attraction since most advertisements are humorous only due to the interplay of text and image. The picture often functions as an eye-catcher in the ad whereas its meaning differs from the meaning of the text. Cook considers pictures to be a part of advertising discourse as they are used to convey a central idea in the ad (Cook 2003:6). Thus, both pictures and headlines will be seen as equivalent and will be considered together as their interplay contributes to the overall meaning of the text.  [2]  Advertising in its turn will be seen in the thesis as a communication process. 1.3 Outline As shown in the table of contents, this thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter One is the introduction in which the purpose and the research questions are stated. It starts by providing a background of the subject of the thesis, and then moves on to description of material and methods and ends by introducing the advertising terminology. Chapter Two is dedicated to a more detailed delimitation of the concept of humour, with an overview of the major humour theories which are necessary for introducing the operational definition of humour that will be used in this study. Chapter Three presents humour types. It discusses numerous existing taxonomies of humour types and offers a new classification which subdivides humour types into two main groups: pun based humour vs. non pun humour. The structure of this chapter is centered on this taxonomy with the corresponding analysis of the advertisements. Chapter Four is a research part of the thesis which analyzes the incidence of the identifie d humour types across various products and services and presents the collected empirical data as well as the results and findings. Chapter Five functions as a summing-up in which the research questions are answered and the conclusions are drawn. A bibliography and appendix will conclude the thesis. 1.4 Material and Method As stated above this thesis is focused on the advertisements presented in print media and does not feature ads that appear on the television, radio, internet, and cinema. The selected material consists of a total of sixty two humorous advertisements chosen from the range of around two hundred English-speaking magazines published between the years 2006 and 2010. Popular lifestyle magazines have been mainly used as they are directed toward a general audience and have a high content of ads which advertise a wide range of products and service. I used so wide range of magazines because one and the same ad have been found in numerous magazines as well as in different issues of one and the same magazine. For this thesis I have mainly used such glossy magazines as Cosmopolitan, Marie Claire, In Touch, Chat, OK, In Style, Self, The Economist and some others. No gender issues will be put forward in this thesis as well as no differentiation will be made between humour in British and US magazine s as it would give this thesis a whole new dimension. As a first step in the selection procedure, I looked for any ads that displayed humorous context. The selection was relatively wide as this resulted in around 100 ads which I considered to be humorous. It should be noted that when browsing through numerous magazines it is very difficult to determine whether the ad is humorous or not as certain subjectivity is always involved into the process of decision making. That is why the subjectivity is inevitable. Despite the fact that such procedure of selection is often employed by many researches, I tried to avoid making decisions without consideration of opposing opinions and different points of view. For this purpose one interview was conducted the aim of which was to exclude prevailed subjectivity in my selective procedure and to explore two basic questions: which advertisements will be still considered as humorous according to the interviewees and how they will determine the type of humour in case the ad proves to be humorous. A remark should be made under this point that anyway it will be to a certain degree the so called unilateral decision as in the long run it is me who decided which ads would be included and which would be left out. It is also worth of mentioning that the interview is not the main purpose of this study and that is why its presence in the thesis will be limited by the short description of its procedure and results. Coming back to the interview procedure, it should be noted that the interview was conducted in a small group consisted of twelve participants. The length of the interview was two hours. Around one hundred fifty different ads were presented to the participants chosen on the assumption that all of them were humorous. In order to ensure that the results would not be biased, the participants were not informed about this fact as well they did not know what the study was exactly about. The participants were asked to have a look at each advertisement and to determine whether they consider it to be interesting or boring, creative or not creative and humorous or non-humorous. The two supplement questions besides the question about the presence or absence of humour in the ad were introduced only with the purpose of trying to avoid some potential disadvantages which are directly connected with an interview. This is the so called participant reflexivity, which means that the person being intervi ewed (interviewee) tells the interviewer only what s/he wants to hear. Then, since many people often expect from a humorous ad to make them burst into laughing and such an attitude would bias the results of the interview I decided to ask them to rate (in case they think the advertisement is humorous) how humorous it was on a five-point-scale. Rating an advertisement as 5 meant that they considered it to be very humorous, 3 indicated that it was a moderate representative of humorousness whereas 1 suggested that it was a very poor example of a humorous ad and should be probably excluded from the list. The results drawn after the evaluation of twelve questionnaires were surprisingly consistent. The agreement was particularly high for the identification of the given advertisements to be humorous or non-humorous. As for rating is concerned the results were not similar, better to say they were very inconsistent and that proves again that humour is always being judged individually and subj ectively. After that all the ads were sorted out to determine which ads would be fruitful for a qualitative analysis. The advertisements which were considered by most of the participants as not humorous at all were excluded from the list of candidates for future analysis. 1.5 Advertising terminology No need to say that advertising hat its own terminology. I am not going to list all the terms you can find in the field of advertising. Thus, the terminology will be limited to a few terms which are frequently used in this thesis. I will follow Cooks definitions which he presents in his Discourse of Advertising (2003). According to him Headline Phrase(s) found at the top of an ad. Caption Phrases (s) found in close proximity to an image. Body copy A piece of smaller text, often containing the main (or copy) information. . CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Introduction As was mentioned in the introduction, humour is by no means homogenous. Since there is no general acceptance in classifying humour, there is no ideal theory of humour which can cover all its factors and embrace all its peculiarities. Most of the existing humour theories are mixed and it seems to be impossible to incorporate such a huge phenomenon as humour into a single integrated theory. As a starting point it can be asserted that humour is triggered by particular mechanisms (Spotts, 1987). Spotts states that these mechanisms can be grouped into three main categories: the cognitive theory, superiority theory, and the relief theory (Spotts et al. 1997:20). The chapter that follows is dedicated to some of the main threads of the theories of humour that have emerged although it is important to notice that not all humour theories ever proposed will be presented in it and it will not be attempted to make a comprehensive survey of all these ideas. Only those theories will be discussed which play a significant role for working out an operational definition of humour for this thesis. 2.2 Incongruity and Incongruity-Resolution Theory Incongruity can be called in other words inconsistency or contradiction. The incongruity theory goes back to Francis Hutchesons Reflections Upon Laughter published in 1750. Later on it was revisited and represented by Kant, Schopenhauer and Kierkegaard. Incongruity theories are considered to be cognitive in their nature. This is the group of theories which dominates humour research. According to McGhee (1979) humour is as reaction to incongruity and he defined incongruity as the relationship between components of an object, event, idea, social expectation and so forth. When the arrangement for the constituent element of an event is incompatible with the normal or expected pattern, the event is perceived as incongruous. The existing theories of incongruity have a difference based on the question whether incongruity is a necessary condition for humour to be produced and if yes, whether it is sufficient or probably there are other conditions needed to cause humour. Based on this fact tw o schools of thought about incongruity theories appeared: the so called one-stage incongruity theories and two-stage incongruity-resolution theories. One-stage incongruity theorists like many representatives of some psychological theories propose that we often laugh when we see or hear something unexpected. In terms of this theory it can be said that we cognitively process (or think about) the message in a single stage that includes three parts interruption (whats that?), perceptual contrast (theres something incongruous and unexpected here!), and playful confusion (whats it mean) (Speck, 1987:7). Other theorists like Jerry Suls and Thomas Schultz, the opponents of the two-stage incongruity resolution theory, postulate that it is not sufficient for a message to be funny by itself and they insist on the overlapping of meanings of the incongruous parts and on the presence of a second stage, namely the resolution of the incongruity. Incongruity becomes stronger only when it follows a resolution process and is understood and accepted by its audience (Gulas and Weinberger 2006: 23à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 26). Attardo considered incongruity theories to be cognitive in their nature and were often associated with linguistic theories of humour. To summarize the ideas, it can be added that incongruity theory is based on the idea of a contrast between two overlapping scripts whereas incongruity-resolution theory requires the presence of two stages: incongruity as derivation from expectation and incongruity understood in resolution which in its turn results in amusement. Incongruity is seen by many researches as a humour type. I prefer to see it as a condition needed to produce humour. 2.3 Superiority Theory The second branch of the main humour theories is presented by theories of superiority. These theories have gone by lots of names such as disparagement, criticism, hostility, aggression, malice, degradation, and derision. This group of humour theories is based on the ideas of Aristotle, Quintillian, Plato, and later Thomas Hobbes (seventeenth century) and it is directly connected with the social function of humour which cannot be said about the incongruity theories which consider humour as an individual phenomenon. Superiority theory is a theory of mockery. In terms of this theory humour is pointed against something or somebody thus making us to believe that something or somebody is superior to somebody else. In other words we laugh from feelings of superiority over other people, from suddaine Glory arising from suddaine Conception of some Eminency in our selves, by Comparison with the Infirmityes of others, or with our owne formerly (Critcheley, 2002: 3). It is suggested that people joke about things that make them feel unsure and/or uncomfortable as a way of releasing feelings of tensions (Gulas and Weinberger 2006: 28). 2.4 Release Theories Release theories as well as superiority theories have numerous names such as arousal theory  [3]  , freedom theory  [4]  , and tension-release theory  [5]  . This group of theories describes how people respond emotionally to humour. It was put forward by Herbert Spencer in the nineteenth century but it was better explained and thus it is better known from Freuds analysis of humorous utterances given in his book Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (1905). Freud proposed that jokes provide us with a release from the constant need to repress our natural aggressive and sexual desires, and are thus experienced as pleasurable. Like dreams, jokes come from the unconscious, bur are first transformed into less explicit forms, thereby providing a socially acceptable way of breaking taboos (Ventola, Guijarro 2009: 79). The release theory has rather to do with the physiological function of humour. It is based on the notion of homeostasis, which means that humans regulate their inner environment on the physiological level in order to ensure certain stability in response to strain, tension, and anxiety. Morreall (1983) talks about the biological function of laughter and insists on the possibility of coexistence of relief theory with other theories discussed above: incongruity (relief through resolution) and superiority (relief through triumph.  [6]   2.5 Linguistic Theories of Humour Since all the existing theories of humour are based on the notion of incongruity there is no theory about which it can be definitely said that it is a purely linguistic one. Linguistic in this case is rather a conditional name. Nevertheless, the first step into this direction was put forward by Raskin, who suggested a script-based semantic theory developed for verbal humour. Viktor Raskins Script-Based Semantic Theory of Humour was presented in his book Semantic Mechanisms of Humor (1985) which was a great contribution to all of the humour theories ever proposed and a first attempt to describe humour from a linguistic perspective. Raskin set his goal as following: Ideally, a linguistic theory of humour should determine and formulate and the necessary and sufficient linguistic conditions for the text to be funny (Raskin, 1985: 47). The script-based semantic theory of humour was designed as a neutral theory which takes in account all the three theories discussed above. According to Raskins theory, verbal or written communication is considered to be a joke if the text is fully compatible with two different but at the same time opposite scripts. Script in this case presents a large chunk of semantic information. This is the main hypothesis of his theory: A text can be characterized as a single-joke-carrying text if both of the conditions are satisfied. i) Th e text is compatible, fully or in part, with two different scripts ii) The two scripts with which the text is compatible are opposite in a special sense (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). The two scripts with which the text is compatible are said to overlap fully or in part on this text (Raskin 1985: 99). Raskin introduces the notion of the trigger or a punch-line, which switches the listener from one script to another thus creating the joke (Raskin, 1985: 36). Raskins theory can be interpreted within the terms of incongruity ­-resolution school of humour. Although his theory was primarily developed for verbal humour it proves to be effective for many types of humorous advertising, both for verbal and for visual. It should be noted that there is also a revisited version of the SSTH called The General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH). This theory was a result of collaboration of Raskin and Attardo. The main aim of the GTVH was to broaden the scope of Raskins SSTH in order to apply it to any humorous text.  [7]  Attardo comments about it as following: Whereas the SSTH was a semantic theory of humor, the GTVH is a linguistic theory at large that is, it includes other areas of linguistics as well, including, most notably, textual linguistics, the theory of narrativity, and pragmatics (Attardo 1994: 222). Attardo postulates that resolution does not exclude the presence of incongruity; they coexist and accompany each other so that any humorous text will contain an element of incongruity and an element of resolution (Attardo 1994: 144). 2.5.2 Operational Definition An operational definition of humour will have to encompass all the above listed theories as all of them are important for the analysis of the advertisements in this thesis. Under this point I would fully agree with Raskin when he said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the incongruity-based theories make a statement about the stimulus; the superiority theories characterize the relations or attitudes between the speaker and the hearer; and the release/relief theories comment on the feelings and psychology of the hearer only. (Raskin 1985: 40) The operational definition of a humorous advertisement will be worked out in terms of Raskins SSTH. The question arises why no I do not follow the GTVH. There are reasons for that. First, the GTVH adopted the main hypothesis of the SSTH. Second, the broadenings introduced, are not of much importance for a current analysis. The third reason is that the GTVH is still under development and not all the problematic issues have been resolved yet. So the advertisement will be considered to be humorous if it fulfills the following conditions: the advertisement has two overlapping scripts which cause the incongruity these two scripts are in the opposite relation to each other. The first condition alone would not be enough for the advertisement to be humorous as the overlapping of two scripts may have a non-funny text as a result as well. CHAPTER 3. HUMOUR TYPES 3.1 Introduction Since there is no universal definition of humour, there are many ways to classify it and there is no universally accepted classification of humour types. Taxonomies of humour types are very different and not homogeneous. There have been many attempts to classify humour according to different criteria. Kelly and Solomon (1975), for example, classified humour according to techniques used in order to produce humorous effect and presented seven types such as a pun, an understatement, a joke, something ludicrous, satire, irony and humorous intent whereas Goldstein and McGhee talked about three types: nonsense, sexual and aggressive. An overview of some main classifications is presented in Table 2  [8]  , which proves the fact that the typologies of humour types are diverse and mixed as well as terminology used for different types of humour: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Raskin) The classification of humour types presented in this thesis is based on the taxonomy offered by Catanescu and Tom (2001) which in its turn used Reicks practitioner-oriented classification system as a basis. Catanescu and Tom adopted five types from this classification and added two new types which resulted in seven following humour types: comparison, personification, exaggeration, pun, sarcasm, silliness, and surprise. As the study they conducted was not only devoted to homour in print advertising, not all humour types presented in their taxonomy could be included into classification for this thesis. Thus, such category as surprise had to be left out despite several examples of using this technique in a print advertisement which could be found during the analysis of selected material. The reason for that was the fact that the operational definition did not work with this humour type as some other mechanisms were involved in such advertisements which were beyond the current analysis. To avoid the mixture of devices, types and techniques about which Raskin spoke, all these types were divided into two main categories, namely pun humour and non-pun humour each of them was subdivided into several sub categories. In such a way polysemy, homonymy, nonce-formations and idiomatic expressions fell under the category of pun humour and such types as comparison, personification, exaggeration, sarcasm and silliness under the category of non-pun humour correspondently. The goals of this chapter are: a) to introduce some definitions of a pun to frame the discussion, b) to give an insight into some types of pun taxonomies, c) to develop pun taxonomy for the current analysis and to describe the nature of the linguistic phenomena involved in puns illustrating it with the help of gathered material, d) to offer a taxonomy of non-pun humour taking into account the occurrence of each type in the advertisements collected from the magazines. 3.2 Oh! Thats a pun and I didnt mean it  [9]   Before talking about pun-based humour it seems to be of great importance to determine what will be understood under pun. Puns are said to be the most common basis for humour.  [10]  The management of humorous language is largely a matter of devising transfers the transfer from set to set, from scale to scale, from layer to layer, until the happy conclusion of a double vision is achieved. At the heart of this process of continual and multiple transference, an important process aping the shiftiness of thought itself, is the apparently frivolous device of pun; word-play is the lure, the spinning toy that draws up the lurking and fishy meaning. We take punning for a tawdry and facetious thing, one of the less profound forms of humour, but that is the prejudice of our time; a pun may be profoundly serious, or charged with pathos (Nash 1985: 137). As mentioned in the introduction, my supposition is that pun is the type of humour which most often occurs in print advertising despite qui te the opposite points of view when puns were criticized for their frustrating ambiguity and for representing a simple and less sophisticated form of humour. That is why many advertisers prefer not to include puns into advertisements believing that they have a low intellectual status. Nash defends the pun against such accusations offering his own list of puns and insisting on the fact that puns are common in the language of journalism (Nash 1985: 137). Sherzer provides another argument in defense of puns in advertising stating that puns are higly appropriate for advertising as they deliver two meanings for the price of one (Sherzer 1985). The same opinion shares Redfern: Advertising space is costly. Economy is essential, and puns are highly economical (two meanings for the price of one word or phrase), and in fact much more of a labour-saving device than many of the products they seek to promote. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Since the fundamental message of all advertising is known to everyone in advance, there is a need for diversification. Wordplay, with its distortions, bifurcations and re-creations, introduces variety and refreshment into saturation. Puns, the devious ones, are a way round those rather stuffy rules of the advertising watchdogs: adverts should be legal, decent and true. A recipe for mass-producted boredom. The words of adverts are double-talk, necessarily. If adverts told only the verifiable truth, they would be pedantic and tedious. And so they have to approximate; they have to say one thing and suggest another. Obliqueness is all. So why not make a virtue out of necessity, and a silk purse out of a sows ear? (Redfern 1982: 130-131). Redfern asserts that puns are well suited for advertising as they are usually delivered with the requisite ambivalent mixture of false apology and only too real aggression (Redfern 1982:275). Definitions of pun as well as definitions of humour vary greatly from researcher to researcher. Freud considered puns to be the lowest form calling them cheapest stating that they can be formed with the least effort.  [11]  Walter Redfern (1984) devoted a whole book to pun in which he said that pun can make an individual. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) It can ruin lazy expectations; subvert the nature of language and thought (Redfern 1984: ). Sherzer defined it as a form of speech play in which a word or phrase unexpectedly and simultaneously combines two unrelated meanings (Sherzer 1978: 336). This the point (the presence of two senses) on which all linguistic and non-linguistic analyses agree. Following the rules of the incongruity-resolution theory a phenomenon of pun can be defined as two meanings incongruously combined in one and the same sentence. These two meanings cause ambiguity due to which a conflict arises between the two senses which is subsequently resolved by the surprising punchline (Ross 1998:8). Following the operational definition of a humorous advertisement, a pun-based humorous ad has to fulfill the following conditions: two meanings have to be semantically incompatible, i.e. opposed. This is the so called deliberate ambiguity in a pun which creates the incongruity. Then it must be followed by resolution leading to humorous interpretation. 3.3 Pun taxonomy There are numerous taxonomies of puns witch essentially differ from each other. Attardo criticized these taxonomies and attempts to explain the phenomenon of pun through its taxonomy. He tried to build the taxonomy of the taxonomies and distinguished four major types of pun classifications, namely: taxonomies by linguistic phenomenon, by linguistic structure, by phonemic distance, and eclectic (Attardo 1994: 112). Tanaka distinguished four categories of puns in advertising: nonsense puns, contextual puns, puns with sexual innuendo, and puns with two communicated meanings (Tanaka 1994: 64-80). I will keep to taxonomy based on linguistic phenomena as it is the most relevant one for this thesis. Taxonomies based o

Free College Admissions Essays: Strength and Weakness :: College Admissions Essays

Strength and Weakness Everyone has strengths and weaknesses but as a child, it's hard to deal with your weaknesses. It's not until you grow up and realize that you have to use your strengths to overcome your weaknesses. Combining logic with technology can be a useful tool. For me it was the way to overcome my disability. Early on in my education I encountered learning disabilities. These learning disabilities included reading, spelling, grammar, and difficulty in time writing reports. These learning disabilities have frustrated me. I wondered " Why couldn't I do this?" I knew that I had the intelligence, but I just could not finish the assignments. I would then become angry. My anger sometimes led me to break pencils and throw them across my room. The basis of my learning disabilities, I discovered, was in transferring my thoughts and ideas from my head to paper. Reading was also a challenge for me in the early grades. I never had trouble understanding stories themselves; but when I had to answer question s about what I had read, I often had difficulty formulating an answer. Another major issue I had was the slow pace of my work. In elementary school I usually didn't finish my homework until 10 o'clock at night. Other students in my grade were finished by 7 o'clock. Although this was difficult for me to deal with, I did not let it stop me from completing my homework. Originally I felt sorry for myself. I believed that I would never overcome these problems. This led me to complain how unfair it was. Perhaps, I thought, someone did not want me to succeed. Word processing was a huge benefit to me in overcoming my learning disabilities. Before I had a desktop computer I had great difficulty writing reports. This was due to the fact that I had to type up my reports using a typewriter. After every sentence, my mother had to check my spelling. Due to this my progress was at a snail's pace. Also, throughout elementary school, and into the beginning of high school, I had illegible notes. Then , at the beginning of junior year, I purchased a notebook computer. This aided me greatly. I could now actually take notes since I could type far faster than I could write. Free College Admissions Essays: Strength and Weakness :: College Admissions Essays Strength and Weakness Everyone has strengths and weaknesses but as a child, it's hard to deal with your weaknesses. It's not until you grow up and realize that you have to use your strengths to overcome your weaknesses. Combining logic with technology can be a useful tool. For me it was the way to overcome my disability. Early on in my education I encountered learning disabilities. These learning disabilities included reading, spelling, grammar, and difficulty in time writing reports. These learning disabilities have frustrated me. I wondered " Why couldn't I do this?" I knew that I had the intelligence, but I just could not finish the assignments. I would then become angry. My anger sometimes led me to break pencils and throw them across my room. The basis of my learning disabilities, I discovered, was in transferring my thoughts and ideas from my head to paper. Reading was also a challenge for me in the early grades. I never had trouble understanding stories themselves; but when I had to answer question s about what I had read, I often had difficulty formulating an answer. Another major issue I had was the slow pace of my work. In elementary school I usually didn't finish my homework until 10 o'clock at night. Other students in my grade were finished by 7 o'clock. Although this was difficult for me to deal with, I did not let it stop me from completing my homework. Originally I felt sorry for myself. I believed that I would never overcome these problems. This led me to complain how unfair it was. Perhaps, I thought, someone did not want me to succeed. Word processing was a huge benefit to me in overcoming my learning disabilities. Before I had a desktop computer I had great difficulty writing reports. This was due to the fact that I had to type up my reports using a typewriter. After every sentence, my mother had to check my spelling. Due to this my progress was at a snail's pace. Also, throughout elementary school, and into the beginning of high school, I had illegible notes. Then , at the beginning of junior year, I purchased a notebook computer. This aided me greatly. I could now actually take notes since I could type far faster than I could write.